Find properties to buy in Pinner with the UK's largest data-driven property portal. View our wide selection of houses and flats for sale in Pinner. Aug 18, 2017 Pinner 1.0 - Upload to Pinterest. Download the latest versions of the best Mac apps at safe and trusted MacUpdate. Sep 15, 2011 Web Pinner will provide users with an application that will help you quickly and easily add website links to your Windows 7 desktop’s right-click context menu. Sep 27, 2016 Ultimate Windows Useful Items Pinner is a relatively straightforward application that can help you out in this scenario. It enables you to create shortcuts with a couple of mouse clicks, and then.
Pioneer 10 was the first spacecraft to pass through the asteroid belt, the first spacecraft to flyby Jupiter in 1973 and the first to obtain close-up images of Jupiter and the first to visit the outer solar system.
Pioneer 10 was launched on March 2, 1972 on a 21-month mission on a three-stage Atlas-Centaur rocket on a direct launch to Planet Jupiter (with no parking in Earth orbit). It was designed and built by TRW Inc. under contract with NASA Ames.
After you download the crx file for Tab Pinner 1.0, open Chrome's extensions page (chrome://extensions/ or find by Chrome menu icon More tools Extensions), and then drag-and-drop the.crx file to the extensions page to install it.
The spacecraft specifications are:Length: 2.9 m (9ft 6 in), Diameter (dish-antenna): 2.7 m (9 ft) and Weight: 258 kg (568 lb).
Pioneer 10 Plaque
Pioneer 10 carries a gold plaque which was designed to provide information about the origin of the spacecraft. The plaque was designed by Dr. Carl Sagan and Dr. Frank Drake and drawn by Linda Salzman Sagan.
The plaque consists of diagrams. These include a man and woman standing on the side view of the spacecraft. The man’s hand is raised in a gesture of good will. The diagrams also show the position of our solar system in the galaxy and chemical information about hydrogen, the most common element in the universe.
Achievements
* Pioneer entered the Asteroid Belt on 15 July 1972 and successfully passed through it.
* On December 3 1973, Pioneer 10 became the first spacecraft to obtain close-up images of the gas giant and to chart its intense radiation belts. It passed by Jupiter within 130,354 kilometers of the Planet’s cloudtops. In addition, Pioneer 10 located the planet’s magnetic field and discovered that Jupiter is predominantly a liquid planet.
* Following its encounter with Jupiter, Pioneer 10 explored the outer regions of the Solar System, studying the solar wind as well as cosmic rays from deep space.
* In 1983 Pioneer 10 became the first manmade object to leave the solar system when it passed the orbit of Pluto, the most distant planet from the Sun.
* NASA officially ended the Pioneer 10 mission on 31 March 1997. Scientists continued to use the spacecraft as part of a study of communication technology for NASA’s future Interstellar Probe mission. Pioneer’s weak signal has been tracked by Nasa’s Deep Space Network.
https://safeheavenly.weebly.com/hyperdock-17.html. * Until February, 1998, Pioneer 10 was the most distant space probe launched from earth, however in that month (on February 17, 1998), Voyager 1 became the most distant space probe, at 6.5 billion miles (10.4 billion kilometers) from Earth. The two are headed in almost opposite directions away from the Sun.
* The last time a Pioneer 10 contact returned telemetry data was on 27 April 2002. Pioneer’s last, very weak signal was received on 23 January 2003. Pioneer 10’s radioisotope power source has decayed, and it may not have enough power to send additional transmissions to Earth. NASA has no additional contact attempts planned for Pioneer 10.
The Future
The Pioneer 10 spacecraft continues to coast toward the star Aldebaran in the constellation Taurus (the Bull). It will take 2 million years to reach it.
Did you know?
Fontlab 7 v7.1.0.7363 crack. – The Pioneer 10 mission was originally designed for a 21 months, however, Pioneer 10 exceeded all expectations and lasted more than 30 years.
– Pioneer 11 followed it in 1974.
Related:
Pioneer 10 Links and References:
- Seven Billion Miles and Counting: Picture Sources
If you like the products in the right column, then explore our Space Shop. Browse Space Magazines, Space Books, Space Posters, Travel,Calendars, Space T-Shirts plus more! |
Any comments on the Pioneer 10, click onContact Info.
NSSDCA/COSPAR ID: 1972-012A
Description
This mission was the first to be sent to the outer solar system and the first to investigate the planet Jupiter, after which it followed an escape trajectory from the solar system. The spacecraft achieved its closest approach to Jupiter on 04 December 1973, when it reached approximately 2.8 Jovian radii (about 200,000 km). As of 01 January 1997 Pioneer 10 was at about 67 AU from the Sun near the ecliptic plane and heading outward from the Sun at 2.6 AU/year and downstream through the heliomagnetosphere towards the tail region and interstellar space. This solar system escape direction is unique because the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft (and the now terminated Pioneer 11 spacecraft mission) are heading in the opposite direction towards the nose of the heliosphere in the upstream direction relative to the inflowing interstellar gas. The spacecraft is heading generally towards the red star Aldebaran, which forms the eye of Taurus (The Bull). The journey over a distance of 68 light years to Aldebaran will require about two million years to complete. Routine tracking and project data processing operatations were terminated on 31 March 1997 for budget reasons. Occasional tracking continued later under support of the Lunar Prospector project at NASA Ames Research Center with retrieval of energetic particle and radio science data. The last successful data acquisitions through NASA's Deep Space Network (DSN) occurred on 03 March 2002, the 30th anniversary of Pioneer 10's launch date, and on 27 April 2002. The spacecraft signal was last detected on 23 January 2003 after an uplink was transmitted to turn off the last operational experiment, the Geiger Tube Telescope (GTT), but lock-on to the sub-carrier signal for data downlink was not achieved. No signal at all was detected during a final attempt on 06-07 February 2003. Pioneer Project staff at NASA Ames then concluded that the spacecraft power level had fallen below that needed to power the onboard transmitter, so no further attempts would be made.
The history of the Pioneer 10 tracking status is available from the web site of the former Pioneer Project at the following location:
Fifteen experiments were carried to study the interplanetary and planetary magnetic fields; solar wind parameters; cosmic rays; transition region of the heliosphere; neutral hydrogen abundance; distribution, size, mass, flux, and velocity of dust particles; Jovian aurorae; Jovian radio waves; atmosphere of Jupiter and some of its satellites, particularly Io; and to photograph Jupiter and its satellites. Instruments carried for these experiments were magnetometer, plasma analyzer, charged particle detector, ionizing detector, non-imaging telescopes with overlapping fields of view to detect sunlight reflected from passing meteoroids, sealed pressurized cells of argon and nitrogen gas for measuring the penetration of meteoroids, UV photometer, IR radiometer, and an imaging photopolarimeter, which produced photographs and measured polarization. Further scientific information was obtained from the tracking and occultation data.
The spacecraft body was mounted behind a 2.74-m-diameter parabolic dish antenna that was 46 cm deep. The spacecraft structure was a 36-cm-deep flat equipment compartment, the top and bottom being regular hexagons. Its sides were 71 cm long. One side joined a smaller compartment that carried the scientific experiments. The high-gain antenna feed was situated on three struts, which projected forward about 1.2 m. This feed was topped with a medium-gain antenna. A low-gain omnidirectional antenna extended about 0.76 m behind the equipment compartment and was mounted below the high-gain antenna. Power for the spacecraft was obtained by four SNAP-19 radioisotope thermonuclear generators (RTG), which were held about 3 m from the center of the spacecraft by two three-rod trusses 120 deg apart. A third boom extended 6.6 m from the experiment compartment to hold the magnetometer away from the spacecraft. The four RTG's generated about 155 W at launch and decayed to approximately 140 W by the time the spacecraft reached Jupiter, 21 months after launch. There were three reference sensors: a star sensor for Canopus which failed shortly after Jupiter encounter and two sun sensors. Attitude position could be calculated from the reference directions to the earth and the sun, with the known direction to Canopus as a backup. Three pairs of rocket thrusters provided spin-rate control and changed the velocity of the spacecraft, the spin period near the end of the mission being 14.1 seconds. These thrusters could be pulsed or fired steadily by command. The spacecraft was temperature-controlled between minus 23 deg C and plus 38 deg C. A plaque was mounted on the spacecraft body with drawings depicting a man, a woman, and the location of the sun and the earth in our galaxy.
Communications were maintained via (1) the omnidirectional and medium-gain antennas which operated together while connected to one receiver and (2) the high-gain antenna which was connected to another receiver. These receivers could be interchanged by command to provide some redundancy. Two radio transmitters, coupled to two traveling-wave tube amplifiers, produced 8 W at 2292 MHz each. Uplink was accomplished at 2110 MHz, while data transmission downlink was at 2292 MHz. The data were received by NASA's Deep Space Network (DSN) at bit rates up to 2048 bps enroute to Jupiter and at 16 bps near end of the mission.
Space experiments mostly continued to operate for planetary or interplanetary measurements until failure or until insufficient spacecraft power from the RTG's was available for operation of all instruments, such that some were turned off permanently and others were cycled on and off in accordance with a power sharing plan implemented in September 1989. The Asteroid/Meteroid Detector failed in December 1973, followed by the Helium Vector Magnetometer (HVM) in November 1975 and the Infrared Radiometer in January 1974. The Meteroid Detector was turned off in October 1980 due to inactive sensors at low temperatures. The spacecraft sun sensors became inoperative in May 1986, and the Imaging Photopolarimeter (IPP) instrument was used to obtain roll phase and spin period information until being turned off in October 1993 to conserve power. The Trapped Radiation Detector (TRD) and Plasma Analyzer (PA) were respectively turned off in November 1993 and September 1995 for the same reason. As of January 1996 the final power cycling plan included part-time operations of the Charged Particle Instrument (CPI), the Cosmic Ray Telescope (CRT), the Geiger Tube Telescope (GTT), and the Ultraviolet Photometer (UV). As of August 2000, only the GTT instrument was still returning data.
Various other spacecraft subsystems also either failed or were turned off for power or other reasons, and an account of these may be of interest for engineering design of long duration deep space missions. The primary antenna feed offset bellows failed sometime in 1976 but a redundant unit was available for use thereafter. The Program Storage and Execution (PSE) subsystem was turned off in September 1989 for power conservation, after which spacecraft maneuvers were performed by ground command sequences. A receiver problem in mid-1992 prevented uplink to the high gain antenna, after which uplink commands could only be sent with 70-meter DSN antennas which also supported the 16 bps downlink. The Backup Line Heater experienced a sticking thermostat operation in March 1993 for 30 days but the problem did not reoccur. Undervoltage Protection Logic was turned off in December 1993 to prevent loss of critical spacecraft systems in the event of a transient undervoltage condition. Duration and Steering Logic (DSL) was turned off in February 1995 to conserve power, after which it was turned on again only for spacecraft maneuvers. RTG power levels are low enough that the spacecraft occasionally relies in part on battery power (accumulated during inactive periods) to run experiments and other systems.
The total mission cost for Pioneer 10 through the 1997 end of official science operations was about 350 million in FY 2001 U.S. dollars. This included about 200 million dollars for pre-launch design and development, and another 150 million for launch, telemetry tracking, mission operations and data analysis. These estimates were provided by the former Pioneer Project at NASA Ames Research Center.
Alternate Names
- PL-723D
- Pioneer-F
- 05860
- Pioneer10
Facts in Brief
Launch Date: 1972-03-03
Launch Vehicle: Atlas-Centaur
Launch Site: Cape Canaveral, United States
Mass: 258 kg
Nominal Power: 165 W
Launch Vehicle: Atlas-Centaur
Launch Site: Cape Canaveral, United States
Mass: 258 kg
Nominal Power: 165 W
Pinner 1.0 For Sale
Funding Agency
- NASA-Office of Space Science Applications (United States)
Disciplines
- Planetary Science
- Space Physics
- Astronomy
Additional Information
Questions and comments about this spacecraft can be directed to: Dr. John F. Cooper
Personnel
Name | Role | Original Affiliation | |
---|---|---|---|
Dr. James B. Willett | Program Manager | NASA Headquarters | |
Mr. Richard O. Fimmel | Project Manager | NASA Ames Research Center | |
Dr. Palmer Dyal | Project Scientist | NASA Ames Research Center | |
Dr. W. Vernon Jones | Program Scientist | NASA Headquarters | [email protected] |
Selected References
- Hall, C. F., Pioneer 10, Science, 183, No. 4122, 301-302, Jan. 1974.
- Fimmel, R. O., et al., Pioneer odyssey encounter with a giant, NASA, SP-349, Washington, D.C., 1974.
- Fimmel, R. O., et al., Pioneer first to Jupiter, Saturn, and beyond, NASA, SP-466, Washington, D.C., 1980.
Other Pioneer 10/11 Information/Data at NSSDCA
Interplanetary magnetic field, plasma, and ephemeris data from Pioneer 10and 11 are available as COHO data collections. COHOWeb allows the displayand retrieval of COHO data. These data are also available via anonymous FTP.
OMNIWeb Plus
Pioneer data on SPDF's anonymous FTP site
Pioneer data on SPDF's anonymous FTP site
Pioneer 10's last signal (NASA Press Release, 2003-02-25)
Pioneer 11 ends operations (NASA Press Release, 1995-09-29)
Status of Pioneer 10 and 11 (1997-12-01)
Status of Pioneer 10 and 11 (1996-12-02)
Status of Pioneer 10 and 11 (1996-05-24)
Pioneer 11 ends operations (NASA Press Release, 1995-09-29)
Status of Pioneer 10 and 11 (1997-12-01)
Status of Pioneer 10 and 11 (1996-12-02)
Status of Pioneer 10 and 11 (1996-05-24)
Pioneer 1.5 Din Radio
Related Information/Data at NSSDCA
Suitcase fusion 6 17.1.0 fix reviews. Jupiter Page
Saturn Page
Saturn Page
Other Sources of Pioneer 10/11 Information/Data
Pioneer GTT Charged Particle page (U. of Iowa)
Online version of Pioneer Odyssey (NASA History Office)
This image shows the plaque that was mounted on the Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft.
This is an image of the Pioneer 10/11 mission patch.